Uterine fibroids are the most common benign neoplasm of the uterus and a significant source of morbidity for women of reproductive age, affecting up to 68.6% of women [1, 2]. The primary identified risk factors include premenopausal age, black race, null parity, and time since last birth [3].

Approximately 30% of women with fibroids present with severe symptoms, such as abnormal uterine bleeding, iron deficiency anaemia, infertility, pelvic pain, back pain, and urinary symptoms (including frequent urination, nocturia, or urinary retention) or gastrointestinal symptoms (such as diarrhoea or constipation) that require intervention [4]. Treatment options for symptomatic fibroids include expectant management, medical therapy, interventional radiology procedures, and surgical management [5]. Hysterectomy remains the only definitive treatment for symptomatic women [6].

Globally, uterine fibroids contribute to at least one-third and up to half of all hysterectomies, thereby eliminating the possibility of childbearing and resulting in long-term health consequences [7–9]. The high prevalence of uterine fibroids has a profound impact on healthcare costs worldwide.

Estimates suggest that the costs related to uterine fibroids reach up to $34.4 billion annually in the United States, €348 million in Germany, €120 million in France, and £86 million in England, surpassing those of breast cancer and ovarian cancer [10, 11]. In addition to direct healthcare expenses, indirect costs due to lost income from time off work and disability related to uterine fibroids are estimated to be between $1.6 billion and $17.2 billion annually [12, 13]. Uterine fibroids are also associated with infertility and other pregnancy complications, which can persist for at least ten years of treatment and account for 4–23% of annual costs [13, 14].

However, several challenges hinder a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of uterine fibroids globally. First, most women with uterine fibroids are asymptomatic, and the condition is often discovered incidentally during routine gynaecologic examinations or procedures [15]. This large number of undetected fibroids creates significant bias in epidemiological data.

Additionally, only a limited number of studies have been conducted across a handful of countries to explore the incidence or prevalence of uterine fibroids to date [16–18]. It is important to note that various research methodologies, diagnostic approaches, and racial/ethnic demographics influence the incidence and prevalence of uterine fibroids in different countries and studies [19]. Furthermore, studies specifically designed to examine the epidemiologic trends of uterine fibroids are even scarcer.

Given the considerable impact on physical, social, and public health, understanding global variations in the burden of uterine fibroids is crucial. This understanding can help identify factors contributing to these variations and guide informed decisions regarding resource allocation for disease screening and management.

Regionally, studies indicate that uterine fibroids are a significant health concern in Africa, affecting a large proportion of women. The socioeconomic burden, cultural perceptions, and variations in management highlight the need for increased awareness, better healthcare access, and tailored treatment approaches to improve outcomes for affected women.

A study in Nigeria examined the economic burden of uterine fibroids, revealing high healthcare costs and lost income due to symptoms. The impact on quality of life was significant, leading to social and economic challenges for affected women. Research on management strategies across Sub-Saharan Africa found a diverse range of treatment options, including medical, surgical, and traditional remedies. Access to specialized care was limited, affecting treatment outcomes.

A qualitative study in East Africa explored cultural perceptions regarding uterine fibroids. It revealed that stigma and misconceptions influenced healthcare-seeking behaviour, often leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment

A South African study investigated the link between uterine fibroids and infertility, highlighting challenges in diagnosis and the need for comprehensive management strategies to address reproductive concerns.

In Ghana, research assessed the quality of life among women with uterine fibroids, showing significant emotional and physical impacts. Standardized questionnaires indicated that fibroids substantially affected daily activities and mental well-being.

A comparative study analysed epidemiological data from various African countries, identifying factors that contribute to differences in prevalence and management of fibroids. This highlighted the need for localized research to inform public health strategies